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all right good afternoon everybody

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um as elena said my name is doug litigan

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and i'm an engineer in the structural

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engineering division which is right next

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door here in building 13.

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i started at jsc about five years ago

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and back then it was a very exciting

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time

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the space shuttle program was ending and

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we had a bright eyed future going back

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to the moon and on to mars

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i started looking around and i saw a lot

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of cool projects i saw lunar landers

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lunar rovers

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some cool habitats

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there was something that i saw common in

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all these things that kind of concerned

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me

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everyone was still building things out

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of metal and yeah i'm talking about

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aluminum and steel and titanium and

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metallic structures and i know that the

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space program has been built on metallic

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structures

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but we're trying to go beyond low earth

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orbit we're trying to go to places we've

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never been before in order to do that we

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have to do things that we've never been

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before

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and so

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we need to do some other things so i

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started to steer my career away from

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metals i started looking at composites

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and fabric structures

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and these are the things that we need to

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do we need to innovate we need to change

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we need to get out of our comfort zone

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and try new things so we need to try

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some things like inflatables

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this beach ball for example is an

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inflatable structure you've seen this

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before you've seen a lot of other things

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similar to this like rafts air

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mattresses party balloons

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these are all considered inflatable

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structures

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in essence they're a massive material

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and then they get inflated and they grow

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into a larger volume and they occupy the

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space that they've been designed for

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this beach ball however is considered a

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low strength inflatable structure much

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like all the other materials and

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inflatables that you see on earth

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what that means is it takes a low

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pressure to inflate this

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and because of that low pressure it has

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only one layer of material on it this

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layer of material is both a gas barrier

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and a structural layer because it has a

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low pressure it doesn't need a very high

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structural layer but we all know from

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experience that things these things are

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very fragile they tend to break they

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tend to pop they tend to rip and they're

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very dangerous

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so if i say that i'm going to take this

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and i'm going to put it into space and i

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want you to live inside of it you're

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probably not going to want to do it

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but our space structures our space

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balloons if you will are not like this

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okay we have

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numerous layers of protection on the

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outside of our balloons that make them

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virtually bulletproof

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one of the other advantages of our space

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structures just like this balloon is

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that it can be compressed and compact it

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can be fit into a small launch shroud

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launched into space and inflated to over

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additionally

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when we launch an inflatable structure

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for the same cost that we can launch a

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metallic structure we can get over three

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times the volume

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that's the same price to launch a

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vehicle

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instead of a metallic structure you can

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launch an inflatable and get three times

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the volume

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and i want i want you to visualize this

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because this is very important so i have

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some friends in the second and third

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rows if you guys can come up right now

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we're gonna do a little demonstration i

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need six of you so ron and doug you can

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come as well

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so there's these

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marks on the ground everyone just stand

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on one of them

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there should be six of them there's one

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way over there

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and there's one way back there

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kelly you can do that one on the front

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so what i've done here is i have six

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people

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and i divided them up into three

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different crews they're all going to

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mars okay the first crew over here on

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the left they're standing in a triangle

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can you sit on this triangle

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that's me that's you

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so the first crew here on the left

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standing in this triangle the space in

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between these three people represents

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the volume of a typical capsule design

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something you've probably seen before

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it's going to take us to mars or take us

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to the moon

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and this this is the habitable volume

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that they have to work with on their

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journey to mars

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now this triangle over here and these

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three crew members are also going to

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mars but they are living in an

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inflatable structure this inflatable

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structure has

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what you see here is just three times

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the volume but it can be a lot more

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depending on the design

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so you can see here

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pretty obviously which vehicle would you

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rather take to mars

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this one you're right all right you guys

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can get sit back down

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so you're probably wondering you know

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like what's the catch

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why haven't we done this before this

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looks awesome it's amazing let's throw a

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bunch of money at it and let's build an

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inflatable structure

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but one of the big problems with

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inflatables is that a lot of people are

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afraid of them

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as i mentioned before you put a balloon

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in space it sounds scary

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um i talked to a lot of kids about this

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and i tell them that we're going to put

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balloons in space and they get a lot of

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concerned faces

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because of the same reasons they know

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that balloons pop i know that you know

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that but the balloons that we have on

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earth are not the same types of balloons

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that we're putting in space

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for example

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this balloon like i said has a single

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gas barrier

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resilient to cold temperatures

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it can be flexed multiple times without

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breaking

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we also have redundant barriers

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and it could be

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made of self-healing materials so if

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there is a pinhole break or a leak it

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can heal itself

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now outside of that gas barrier there's

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also a main structural layer because our

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inflatables are high strength

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inflatables they have a high pressure on

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the inside thanks to the vacuum of space

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that's on the outside

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so we have a big structural layer that's

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made of the same material that you make

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bulletproof vest out of it is

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bulletproof and it's strong and it's

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very stiff

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and those are the main two layers

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structural layer the gas barrier but

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outside of that we have a space

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environment that's very dangerous and

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very scary and so we have a shell on the

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outside of those layers that helps us

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protect that protects us from that space

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environment for example that shell has

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atomic oxygen protection

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it's got thermal insulation and it has

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multiple layers of micro meteorite

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orbital debris protection or mmod

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mmod is probably the biggest or the

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scariest thing with inflatables but the

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mmod shield that we've created for our

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inflatable has outperformed the iss mmod

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shields in hypervelocity impact testing

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so

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our inflatable balloon

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is actually better prepared for mmod

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impacts than the current iss metallic

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shields

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so one of the other beauties of this

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structure and of inflatable structures

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is that they can be formed into a

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variety of different shapes

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they can be used as a long-term transit

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vehicle to mars

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they can be used as a surface habitat on

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the moon or on mars

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this isn't the first time that we

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thought about this

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nasa first investigated inflatable

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structures back in 1961 eight years

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before we went to the moon

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in fact the first ever eva was performed

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by the russians and it used an

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inflatable airlock

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this picture is from 1989 it was a

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design concept for inflatable lunar

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habitat

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most recently back in the late 90s

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was a big project here at jc called

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transhab most of you probably heard of

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it

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transhab

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was essentially the birth of common or

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today's design

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for inflatable structures

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they invented a lot of new technology

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mainly because they finally had the

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materials required to build these high

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strength inflatables

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one transhab module was designed to fit

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in the payload bay of the space shuttle

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it was intended to be birthed to the

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international space station and it will

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provide 1500 square feet of livable

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space in one module that's about half

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the livable space of the entire space

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station

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now after transhab a technology was

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taken and used by nasa to advance

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it was also used by bigelow aerospace to

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work on inflatable structures

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and this year 2015 we will put the first

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inflatable module

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on the iss

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this new module known as beam will be a

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significant demonstration and advocacy

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towards the future use of inflatable

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structures

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it will be the beginning of a new

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so besides those uses there are also a

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number of other potential applications

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for inflatables

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i hope you've got your mind thinking a

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little bit

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we can have this very large very strong

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structure and it can be compressed you

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could fit something in a suitcase and

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then open it up and have a large volume

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there's a lot of potential applications

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some of those applications are used in

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space some of them are being used now

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for new technologies and a lot even more

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applications that can be used on earth

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some of the space applications you may

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have heard of is like a deployable solar

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sail

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a deployable antenna

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hypersonic decelerator that's also

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deployable

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and i know you've heard of spacesuits

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spacesuit is a life-saving example of an

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inflatable structure

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it's a fabric structure that takes its

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shape when it's pressurized it's the

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definition of inflatable

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there's also a lot of applications on

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earth for inflatables

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so inflatables could be used for example

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as a fuel collection device or storage

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device to prevent or to clean up an oil

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spill offshore

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they could be used as a emergency

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hyperbaric chamber you're a deepsea

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diver and you were on a ship you did a

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dive you came up too fast and you need a

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hyperbaric chamber and you're far away

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from any medical attention

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the ship doesn't have a hyperbaric

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chamber but we have an inflatable one

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it's been compact into a bag and now we

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can inflate it open it up and it can be

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used to save your life

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this technology can also be used

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under extreme conditions and extreme

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environments

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it could be

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used as a safety shelter in antarctica

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it could potentially be used

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as a shelter for firemen who are caught

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in a wildfire

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it could also be used as a quick

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deployed shelter during a natural

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disaster

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in fact

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during hurricane sandy a few years ago

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most of the new york city subway tunnels

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became flooded with water

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this was a big problem for the city

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and since then

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the inflatable technology the same type

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of structural layer gas pair that we use

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that we've designed

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has been used and commercialized to

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build what's called a tunnel plug for

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the new york city subway system

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these devices

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like i said is a big mass of fabric

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it's packed up into a nice pretty

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package and then when needed it can be

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deployed fill up and plug a subway

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tunnel this is an excellent

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commercialization use of inflatable

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technology

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these are just a few things

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that i know about i'm hoping that you

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guys can think about some more and think

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about some future potential applications

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that we can use for inflatables

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they truly can be a life-saving

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technology

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so as i close today this was a very

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brief overview but i hope it got you

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thinking and i want to reiterate the

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point that this is very important

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you know we want to explore

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i want my kids to see mars one day

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and we can't get to mars with metallic

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structures

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we need to get out of our comfort zone